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Hyperactivity in kids
Food additives linked to hyperactivity in kids


The controversy about food additives and children's behaviour continues, this time with a study linking food additives and a common preservative to hyperactivity. But not everyone is convinced this latest research is conclusive (Image: iStockphoto)
Certain artificial food colourings and other additives can worsen hyperactive behaviours in children aged 3 to 9, UK researchers report.

Tests on more than 300 children showed significant differences in their behaviour when they drank fruit drinks spiked with a mixture of food colourings and preservatives, say Professor Jim Stevenson and colleagues at the University of Southampton.

"These findings show that adverse effects are not just seen in children with extreme hyperactivity (such as ADHD) but can also be seen in the general population and across the range of severities of hyperactivity," the researchers write online today in The Lancet medical journal.

Stevenson's team, which has been studying the effects of food additives in children for years, made up drinks to test in a group of 3 year olds and a second group of children aged 8 and 9.

Children received ordinary fruit juice (a placebo or dummy drink) or a drink identical in look and taste that contained common commercial additives.

Some children were given a drink containing colourings typically found in a couple of 50 gram bags of sweets.

Others were given a higher level of colourings, equivalent to consuming the additives in four of these bags.

Colourings included sunset yellow (known as 110 in Australia or E110 in Europe); carmoisine or azorubine (122 or E122); tartrazine (102 or E102); and ponceau 4R (124 or E124).

Both mixes had the same amount of the preservative sodium benzoate (211 or E211).

Parents, teachers and the researchers then assessed the children's behaviour using a range of tests.

Both mixtures significantly affected the older children, when compared with the placebo dummy drink.

The 3 year olds were most affected by the mixture that closely resembled the average intake for children that age, Stevenson's team reports.

"Although the use of artificial colouring in food manufacture might seem superfluous, the same cannot be said for sodium benzoate, which has an important preservative function," the researchers write.

"The implications of these results for the regulation of food additive use could be substantial."
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The mystery of DNA
One man's genes show the mystery of DNA


Dr Craig Venter's DNA map shows 4.1 million places where his genetic code is different from the basic 'reference' human genome (Image: iStockphoto)
The first detailed map of a man's genes shows the genetic code is even more complex than anyone thought. For instance, science still cannot pinpoint what makes a person's eyes blue.

Initial study of genome entrepreneur Dr Craig Venter's own DNA map shows 4.1 million places where his genetic code is different from the basic 'reference' human genome.

This is many more than had been expected, including big differences that extend far beyond the single-letter changes that account for much of the variation seen so far.

"I think the biggest surprise is we are lot more different from one another than we thought," Venter says.

But there are still some mysteries.

"I found out that I have a high probability of having blue eyes," the blue-eyed Venter says.

"You can't even tell with 100% accuracy if I would have blue eyes, looking at my genetic code," he laughs. "We all thought that would be simple."

The researchers at the J Craig Venter Institute in Maryland, along with other US teams, analysed Venter's genetic code to compare it with the rival human genome maps published in 2001 by Venter's private company and the publicly funded Human Genome Project.

Both the 2001 genomes used DNA from several volunteers, pooled and then sequenced.

Writing in the Public Library of Science journal PLoS Biology, the researchers say it would also be useful as a rare exercise to thoroughly examine a single person's genome and compare it to these averages.
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Rock stars really do live fast

Rock stars really do live fast, die young



Rock stars, notorious for their 'crash and burn' lifestyles, really are more likely than other people to die before getting old.

A study of more than 1000 mainly UK and North American artists, spanning the era from Elvis Presley to rapper Eminem, found they were two to three times more likely to suffer a premature death than the general population.

More than a quarter of all the deaths were related to drugs or alcohol abuse, says the study in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health.

"The paper clearly describes a population of rock and pop stars who are at a disproportionate risk of alcohol and drug related deaths," says lead author Professor Mark Bellis from Liverpool John Moores University.

In all, exactly 100 stars died between 1956 and 2005, a death rate of 7.3% among women and 9.6% among men.

These included Jimi Hendrix, Jim Morrison, Keith Moon, Brian Jones, Janis Joplin and Kurt Cobain.

Over a 25 year span that started with their rise to fame, stars were more than 70% likelier to die prematurely compared with the general population. And the risk was 240% higher in those crucial first five years.

And for those who achieved fame in the 60s and 70s, the risk of death occurring within the first five years was an astonishing 350% higher than for Mr or Ms Average.

European stars were much likelier to survive compared to their North American counterparts, the study also found.

Those Europeans who died tended to expire in the blaze of youthful glory, at an average age of 35, compared to 42 among the North Americans.

As time went by, though, ageing North American rock stars were twice as likely to die prematurely than Europeans, according to the authors, who speculate that the lifestyle of US rockers may make them more susceptible to chronic heart disease.
Read more...
 

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